In the past years jihadist terrorism and radicalization have become some of the most critical threats to the Mediterranean region, including the European side. Emerging trends, lessons learned and overviews of the security status of the countries in the area, however, point out that radicalization and extremism are a complex global phenomena that may differ from country to country. Against this background, while approaching the phenomenon according to a multidisciplinary perspective, the file rouge of this volume is the intention to describe challenges and strategies of security with a view to the preventive dimension thus going beyond the simple adoption of ad hoc measures of response. Moving from radicalization and extremism in Italy, new trends and policies of contrast, prevention and de-radicalization in North Africa, with a specific focus on Morocco and Tunisia, are illustrated according to a comprehensive approach. Each contribution makes evident the need to involve both the national/local authorities and the society at large in efforts against violent radicalization and extremism, and broadly speaking terrorism, as well as to cooperate with regional and international organisations, like the European Union, the African Union and competent branches of the United Nations.