This monograph focuses on the Soviet state's policy in the Near and Middle East during the years 1921-1927. It examines who, and how, made political and economic decisions in the field of Soviet policy in the Near and Middle East at that time. The relations of the Soviet state with Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan are examined in detail. Soviet policy in the Arab countries, particularly its interaction with the clergy, is covered in detail for the first time. The monograph also examines economic relations with the countries of the Muslim East. The author emphasizes the close relationship of the Soviet Near East policy with the new economic policy pursued within the Soviet Union. For the first time, a number of different foreign and Russian sources have been brought into scholarly circulation.pThis monograph focuses on the Soviet state's policy in the Near and Middle East during the years 1921-1927. It examines who, and how, made political and economic decisions in the field of Soviet policy in the Near and Middle East at that time. The relations of the Soviet state with Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan are examined in detail. Soviet policy in the Arab countries, particularly its interaction with the clergy, is covered in detail for the first time. The monograph also examines economic relations with the countries of the Muslim East. The author emphasizes the close relationship of the Soviet Near East policy with the new economic policy pursued within the Soviet Union. For the first time, a number of different foreign and Russian sources have been brought into scholarly circulation./p